Hordhac

Burburka, dawlad la’aanta, faragelinta tooska ah iyo midda dadban, afkaaraha iyo shisheeyaha ku dhex hardamaya gudaha Soomaaliya, ayaa waxa ugu weyn ee shidaalka u ah, dhaqaajinayana uu yahay dhaqaalaha. Dhaqaalahu waa laf-dhabarta wax kasta oo maanta dunida ka dhacaya, gaar ahaan Soomaaliya. Ururrada argagixisadu muhiimad gaar ah baa ay siiyaan meelaynta dhaqaalaha, haddaan dhaqaale jirinna waxba uma socon karaan. Ururka Al-Shabaab muddo badan baa ay ku qaadatay jaangoynta, qaabeynta iyo meelaynta ilaha dhaqaalahu. Hadda oo uu marayo xaaladdii ugu wanaagsaneyn ee dhanka dhaqaalaha, waxa uu ku bixiyay dedaal fara badan sidii uu heerkan u soo gaadhi lahaa. Werwer badanna kama qabo in dhaqaale la’aani soo food saarto muddooyinkan. 

Dhinaca kale, ururka Daacish ayaa isaguna bilowgiisii waxa uu dardar geliyay sameynta ilo dhaqaale. Dhaqaale sameyntiisu ilaa hadda waa ay socotaa, si uu u muujiyo in uu yahay urur jira, dhaqdhaqaaq leh, waa in uu sida Al-Shabaab dad badan u laayo, si ay ugu fududaato galaangal badan oo uu ku yeesho gudaha Soomaaliya. Dhaqaalaha ay ururrada argagixisadu helaan ama sameyaan ee ay hal-abuuratay, sida ururka Al-Shabaab oo uu qoraalkani daaranyahay waxa ka mid ah: ganacsiga dhuxusha sharci-darrada ah (Illegal Charcoal Trade), cashuuraha ay qaadaan oo ay u yaqaaniin “Sakawaadka – Alms”, madax-furashooyinka ay dadka shisheeyaha ah qabsadaan (Ransoms), iyo taageeridda ay siiyaan dad cayiman oo taageere u ahi, iwm. 

Qoraalkani waxa aynu diiradda ku saari doonnaa ururka ka dagaallama koonfurta iyo badhtamaha Soomaaliya, Al-Shabaab oo xulafo la ah ururka Al-Qaacida, gaar ahaan qeybta dhaqaalaha oo ka mid ah unugyada ugu muhiimsan ee jiritaanka ururrada jaadkan ah. Kol kasta oo la daraaseeyo ururradan waa kol kasta oo ay fududaato sidii loo soo afjari lahaa. Waa ta kale e, halka ay maanta ka joogaan ururradani Soomaaliya waa heer ay adagtahay wax ka qabashadeedu, balse caqabad walba xal looma waayo, haddii ay jiraan dad daacad ka ah oo qorshe iyo hiraal leh. Maqaalkan waxa aan rejaynayaa in uu iba-fur u noqda, qoraallada afka Soomaaliga ku qoran ee lagu daraaseynayo argagixisada, faragelinta shisheeyaha, amniga si guud iyo ururrada xagjirka ah.

Xarakada Al-Shabaab Al-Mujaahidiin

Ururkan loo yaqaan Xarakada Mujaahidiinta Al-Shabaab oo xulafo la ah ururka Al-Qaacida, waa mid ka mid ah labada urur ee ka dagaallama Geeska Afrika, weerraro kala duwan ka geysta waddamada Soomaaliya, Kiiniya iyo Djibouti. Waa ururka ugu firfircoon, uguna ballaadhan shabakadda argagixisada ee Geeska Afrika. Waxa uu ka soo ifbaxay kala jabkii Midowgii Maxkamdaha Islaamka ee 2006 iyo dagaalladii dhexmaray ciidamada Itoobbiya iyo Dawladdii Ku-meelgaadhka ahayd ee Soomaaliya oo dhinac ah. Tobankii ilaa laba iyo tobankii sanno ee ugu dambeeyay ayaa uu ka dagaallamayaa gudaha Soomaaliya iyo waddamada deriska ah, si firfircoon oo toos ah. Daraasadihii ugu dambeeyay ee la sameeyay 2014, waxa ay ciidamada ururka Al-Shabaab ku qiyaaseen 7,000 ilaa 9,000 oo dagaalyahan. 

Feebarweri, 2012 ayaa uu xulafo la noqday ururka Al-Qaacida oo ah ururka ugu ballaadhan ee argagixisada caalamiga ah ee dunida, kolkaas oo uu amiir ka ahaa Ayman Addawaahiri, ka dib dhimashadii hoggaamiyihii hore ee Cusaama Bin Laadin, oo Maraykanku dileen 2011. Mabda’ iyo afkaar ahaan, ururkan waxa lagu tiriyaa in uu yahay Salafi-Wahaabi, Qutubi, Jihaadi iyo Takfiiri asal-raac ah. Baraaruggii Islaamiyiinta ee qarnigii hore, dagaalkii Afgaanistaan ee Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo Maraykanka, faafintii Khaliijka ee fikirka Wahaabiga, dad ay saameeyeen ayaa hormuud u ahaa, salkana u dhigay ururkan. In kasta oo ururkani ka dagaallamo Geeska Afrika ama Bariga Afrika (Koonfurta Soomaaliya) ka dhaqdhaqaaqo, haddana tan iyo kollkii uu xulafo la noqday Al-Qaacida, waxa uu noqday urur caalami ah oo jihaadi ah.

Ujeedka ugu weyn ee uu ururkani rabo in uu gaadho waa qabsashada iyo xukunka bulshada, laguna dhaqo wax ay ugu yeedheen ‘Shareecada Islaamka’, balse xaqiiqo ahaan aan caddeyn macnaha ku dhaqanka Shareecadu maxaa uu yahay? Fulinta fikirka xagjirka ah ee asal-raaca ah waa waxyaabaha ay hiigsanayaan ururkani. Fikir cunfi ah, kakan oo aan bulshada Muslinka ah iyo dunidaba aan sinnaba looga oggolaan karin. Suurad xumeynta Islaamka, burburka iyo baabi’inta uu ku wado Soomaaliya waa mid aan yareyn. Dhinaca kale, waxa uu masuul ka yahay qaraxyada iyo dilalka qorshaysan ee lagu madhiyay ardayda, dhakhaatiirta, saraakiisha dawladda, weriyayaasha, ciidanka, shacabka rayidka ah, aqoonyahanka Soomaaliyeed iyo cid wal oo bulshada iftiin soo baxaya u ahayd. Qaraxyada ay ku dhimanayaan dad boqollaal iyo kumanaan qof kor u dhaafay, dhiigga qulqulaya meel walba iyo dadka ku mustaqbal seegay falalka ururkaasi wado.

Shantii sannadood ilaa lixdii sannadood ee u dambeeyay waxa isbeddelay oo horumar sameeyay qarayxada, dilalka qorshaysan, dhaqaalaha, awoodda sirdoonka ee ururka Al-Shabaab. Taas oo horseedday in uu dhaqdhaqaaqyo ka kakan, ka ballaadhan, kana adag ku yeesho gudaha Soomaaliya. Badiba isbeddelkan waxa bud-dhig u ahaa dhaqaalaha iyo maalgeinta uu helay ururku muddooyinkii u dambeeyay, taas oo u sababtay in ay awooddiisu kor u kacdo. Dhaqaalahu waa tamarta uu fikir iyo koox kastaba ay ku shaqeyn karaan, kuna sii noolaan karaan. Waxa uu ugu jiraa ururrada, halka qofka ay ugu jiraan cuntada, biyaha iyo waxyaabaha noolaha ilaaliya sii jiritaankiisa. In uu gaadho isku filnaanshiyo buuxda oo dhanka dhaqaalaha ah, si aysan u kala go’in hawgalladiisu waa waxa uu hiigsanayo ururkani hadda iyo mustaqbalkaba, kiisa dhow iyo kiisa fogba. 

1. Ganacsiga Dhuxusha Sharci-darrada Ah (Illegal Charcoal Trade)

Ururka Al-Shabaab, ilaha ugu waaweyn ee dakhliga gudaha ayaa waxa ka mid ah ka ganacsiga dhuxusha sharci-darrada ah ee Koonfurta Soomaaliya. Taas oo uu ka helo dakhli iyo dhaqaale aad u xooggan, oo noqday tiirarka dhaqaalaha ee ururka kuwiisa ugu horreeya, uguna awoodda badan. Sannadkii 2012, oo ku beegnaa kolkii ururka Al-Shabaab si rasmi ah looga saaray magaalada Kismaayo, ayaa Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay ka soo saaray bishii Feebarweri 2012, qaraar tirsigiisu ahaa S/RES/2036 (2012), kaas oo lagu mamnuucayo ka ganacsiga dhuxusha. Arrintaas oo loo sababeeyay in ururka Al-Shabaab uu dhaqaale fara badan ka heli jirey dhuxusha laga dhoofiyo magaalooyinka Kismaayo iyo Baraawe.

Qaraarka qodobkiisa 22aad oo arrintan ka hadlaya waxa uu yidhi: “Decides that Somali authorities shall take the necessary measures to prevent the export of charcoal from Somalia and that all Member States shall take the necessary measures to prevent the direct or indirect import of charcoal from Somalia, whether or not such charcoal originated in Somalia; further decides that all Member States shall report to the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea (“the Committee”) within 120 days of the adoption of this resolution on the steps they have taken towards effective implementation of this paragraph; and requests the Monitoring Group re-established pursuant to resolution 2002 (2011) to assess the impact of the charcoal ban in its Final Report.”

Hay’adda Deegaanka u qaabilsan Qaramada Midoobay (UNEP), sannadkii 2014 sida ay sheegtay, Al-Shabaab waxa ay halkii xammuul ee dhuxusha ah ee maraya degmada Badhaadhe ee gobolka Jubbada Hoose, ka faa’iiddaa sannadkii lacag dhan $8-18 milyan oo doollar. Guud ahaan dhuxusha laga dhoofiyo Soomaaliya oo lagu qiyaaso lacag dhan $360-384 milyan sannadkii, ayaa ururka Al-Shabaab ku leeeyahay saddex meelood meel ka mid ah oo u dhiganta $38-56 milyan oo doollar. Kooxda Kormeerka Qaramada Midoobay ee Soomaaliya iyo Eriteriya (UN Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea), ayaa isaguna warbixin uu soo saaray sannadkii July 2018, ku tilmamaay in ururka Al-Shabaab uu cashuur ka qaado dhuxusha sharci-darrada ah ee laga dhoofiyo dekedaha magaalooyinka Kismaayo iyo Buurgaabo, iyada oo ay magaalooyinkaas joogaan ciidanka Kiiniya (KDF) ee qeybta ka ah hawlgalka AMISOM. Middaas oo ay ku qaaddo baro kantarool oo ku yaalla gobollada Jubbada Dhexe iyo Jubbada Hoose; oo ayna Al-Shabaab ka faa’iiddo qiyaas ahaan $7.5 milyan oo doollar. 

Warbixinuhu waxa kale oo ay tilmaamayaan in Maamul-goboleedka Jubbalaan uu dhuxusha sharci-darrada ah ku cashuuro halkii jawaan lacag dhan $5, taas oo uu sannadkii ka faa’iido qiyaas ahaan 15 milyan oo doollar. Dhinaca kale, ciidanka Kiiniya (KDF) ayaa iyaguna cashuurahan qeyb ka ah, iyaga oo ku cashuura $2 jawaankii dhuxusha ah. Dhinaca kale, dhuxusha sharci-darrada ah ayaa waxa dallaala oo Soomaaliya iyo waddamada Khaliijka u dhexa, kooxo dembiilayaal ah oo fadhigoodu yahay magaalada Dubay ee dalka Imaaraadka. Hadda, dalka Iiraan baa ku soo biiray meelaha dhuxusha loo dhoofiyo. Iiraan iyo Imaaraadkuba, kolkii loo sheegay ganacsigan waa ay is dhega mariyeen oo kama ay jawaabin. Hore dalka Cummaan ayaa u ahaa marin, balse kolkii uu kastamadii dekedaha adkeystay waa ay yaraatay dhuxhsa sharci-darrada ah ee loo dhoofiyo dalkaas.

2. Cashuuraha iyo Sakooyinka (Alms and Taxes)

Dakhliga labaad ee ururka Al-Shabaab ugu weyn, ama aynu odhan karnaba isaga ayaa kaalinta koowaad ah oo ka horreeya dhuxusha sharci-darrada ah, waa cashuuraha ama waxa ay ugu yeedheen sakawaadka. Qeybtani waxa ay si guud u kala baxdaa saddex jaad oo kala ah: Sako, Maaliyad iyo Cashuur. Kolkii hore ururka Al-Shabaab waxa uu si weyn ugu tiirsanaa dhaqaale uu ka heli jirey ururrada uu jaalka la yahay, sida Al-Qaacida. Balse ilaa labadii/saddexdii sannadood ee u dambeeyay waa ay soo afjarantay ama yaraatay taageriddaasi. Sidaa darteed beddelkeedii, waxa uu dhaqdhaqaaq ballaadhan ka muujiyay dhaqaala-abuurka gudaha, oo ay cashuurta shacabku ugu horreyso. Maaddaama oo ay hadda badatay cashuuraha ay qaadaan Al-Shabaab, waxa ugu weyn ee loo aanaynayo ayaa ah middaas. 

Cashuuraha kala duwan ee la siiyo ururka Al-Shabaab ayaa ah in shacabka la dili doono, haddii ay diidaan cashuurta. Dawladda Soomaaliya gebi ahaanba ma awooddo sugidda ammaanka shacabka iyo ganacsatada. Sidaa darteed, gaabkaas bannaan ayaa uu ka faa’iidaystay ururka Al-Shabaab. Mid ka mid ah ganacsatada cashuurta siiya Al-Shabaab oo Muqdisho ku nool, ayna wareysatay idaacadda BBC Somali, waxa uu yidhi: “Waxaan doonayaa in aan dukaan ka furto meel ka mid ah Muqdisho, haddii aan bixin waayo canshuurta Al-Shabaab, waa la i dilayaa, markaa waan ku qasabanahay in aan Al-Shabaabna canshuur siiyo… Marka aad dukaan furaneyso waa in aad kusii xisaabtantaa lacagta canshuurta, waa lagu soo wacayaa, haddii aad diidana waa lagu dilayaa.”

Dawladda Federaalka Soomaaliya, waxa ay si buuxda uga warqabtaa cashuuraha ay ururka Al-Shabaab ka qaadaan shacabka. Wasiirkii hore ee ganacsiga, haddana ah wasiirka warfaafinta, Maxamed Xayir Maareeye mar uu BBC Somali u warramayay waxa uu yidh: “Runtii in ganacsatada Soomaaliyeed ay Al-Shabaab lacag siiyaan, iyagoo naftooda ku furanaya waa wax waadix ah oo qof kasta ogyahay, waxaaba la dhihi karaa way yar tahay meel furan oo aysan lacag ka qaadin guud ahaan meelaha dalka ka midka ah ee ay ku lugta leeyihiin.” Dhinaca kale wasiirka maaliyadda Soomaaliya, Cabdiraxmaan Ducaale Beyle oo arrintan uga warramay Washington Post, waxa uu yidhi: “Dhibaatadu waa hal arrin oo keliya, Al-Shabaab waa Soomaali sidayda oo kale ah, ama qof kale. Waa ay noo egyihiin, meel walbana waa ay joogaan, waana ay nagu dhexjiraan.”

Dhinaca kale, Al-Shabaab waxa ay awood u leedahay in ay taako taako ula socota, ugana warhayso dhaqdhaqaaqyada ganacsi ee shacabka. Xataa waxa ay ogtahay markabyada ku soo xidha dekedda iyo waxa ay sidaan. 45-jir ku gaabsaday magaciisa Cismaan, oo Washington Post uga warramayay arrintan waxa uu yidhi: “Waxa ay igu dhaheen inta ay isoo waceen ‘maad naga qaban telefoonka, haa ama maya, waa mujaahidiintii’ Wadnahaygu aad buu u garaacmayay, waa ay i dilayaan haddaan bixin waayo. Kolkii aan u jawaabay, waxa aan xaqiiqsaday in ay ogyihiin waxa iiga soo degay dekedda Muqdisho, waxa ay igu dhaheen: ‘Been ha noo sheegin, liiska waxa ka soo degay dekedda waa aannu haynaa…” Arrimahan oo caddeyn weyn oo buuxda u ah xog-ogaalnimada ururka Al-Shabaab ee dhammaan dalka oo dhan. Taas oo aan sinnaba wax u dhaafi karin, ganacsade yar iyo ku weynna ay uga warqabaan, gobollada kale ee Soomaaliya ha joogo ama magaalada Muqdisho (Banaadir) ha jooge e. 

Dhaqaalaha gudaha ee ay uruuriyaan ururka Al-Shabaab waxa ay hoostagaan ama maamula maktabka maaliyadda (aka: Maktabka Sakawaadka) oo ka mid ah qeybta ururka u qaabilsan arrimaha dhaqaalaha. Badiba maktabkani, ama dhammaantii waxa uu ka koobanyahay dad shacab ah, ragg iyo dumarba leh oo aan laga sooci karin shacabka kale. Hannaanka ay u qaadaan cashuuraha waxa ka mid ah in ay intii isku meherad ahba qof u xilsaaraan ka soo uruuriya lacagta, sida: beeralayda, gaadiidleyda, cagafleyda, shidaalleyda, iwm. Waxa kale oo ururka Al-Shabaab uu soo abaabulaa kulamo uu u qabto ganacsatada Soomaaliyeed; oo  ay ku qabtaan deegaannada ay ka midka yihiin gobollada Hiiraan, Shabeellada Dhexe iyo Shabeellada Hoose, sida: Tooro-toorow, Aw-dheegle, Fiidow, Buurane, Bariire, Gamboole, iqk. 

Saddexda qeybood haddaan u soo gudubno, sakada (ie: Alms) ay qaadaan Al-Shabaab waxa ay tahay in cidda dhaqaalaheedu uu gaadhay $1,000 doollar ay ku waajibtay bixinta $25 doollar. Halka ganacsatada waaweyn si guudmar ah looga qaado lacag lagu qiyaaso $100,000 oo doollar, ama $10,000 oo doollar ama 1,000 doollar. Dhinaca kale, lacagta ay ugu yaqaaniin ‘maaliyadda” oo ay ka qaadaan huteellada, jaamacadaha, dugsiyada, cisbitaallada, ma xadidna oo ilaa hadda warbixin lagama hayo inta ay dhantahay. Sida oo kale, qeybta cashuuraha ayaa iyaguna ay Al-Shabaab ku cashuurtaa gawaadhida shidaalka qaadda ee magaalada Muqdisho ka yimaadda, una soo socda gobollada lacag dhan $1,300 oo doollar; halka ay tahay $800 oo badeecadda ah iyo $500 oo gaadhiga ah. 

Sida oo kale, si gaar ah Al-Shabaab waxa ay foosto kasta oo shidaal ah ku cashuurtaa oo suuqa Bakaaraha ka soo baxaysa lacag dhan $2.5 doollar. Tusaale ahaan, haddii foostada shidaalka ah ay suuqa Bakaaraha kaga soo baxdo iyada oo dhan $12.5 doollar, laakiin ganacsadaha gobollada ku nool waxa ay ugu tagtaa lacag dhan 10 doollar. $2.5 doollarku, waa cashuurta Al-Shabaab ay qaaddo. Iyada oo looga soo goynayo suuqa Bakaaraha, akoon gaar ah loogu dirayo ama meel kale uun lagu siinayo. Isla qeybtan, waxa kale oo ay wax ku cashuuraan baraha kantarool ee ka baxsan magaalada Muqdisho. Tusaale ahaan, bar kantaroollada waxa ka mid ah mid qiyaas ahaan 160km ka xigta Waqooyi-Galbeed magaalada Muqdisho oo ah jidka waddada Baydhabo, ayaa Kooxda Kormeerka Qaramada Midoobay ee Soomaaliya iyo Eriteriya ay sannadkii 2018, ku sheegtay in Al-Shabaab ka faa’iiddo lacag dhan qiyaas ahaan $30,000 maalintii/Per day ilaa $10 milyan sannadkii. Waana hababka ugu badan ee ururku adeegsado si uu cashuuro xad dhaaf ah u sameeyo. 

Machadka Hiraal oo daraaseeya arrimaha amniga, fadhigiisuna uu yahay magaalada Muqdisho ayaa ku qiyaasay cashuuraha ay Al-Shabaab uruursatay sannadkii 2017 in ay gaadhayaan qiyaas ahaan 27 milyan oo doollar. Ururka Al-Shabaab, waxa lagu tilmaamaa in uu mararka qaar ka dakhli iyo cashuuro badanyahay, kana dhaqaale koror badanyahay dawladda Soomaaliya. Waa dawlad ka hoos dhisan dawlad kale “State under State”. Kol kasta oo uu daciifo kaalmada dibadda ee Al-Shabaab, iyaguna waxa ay kordhinayaan si xad dhaaf ah weliba, dhaqaale-abuurka gudaha Soomaaliya. Si uusan u bannaanaanin gaabka dibaddu. Iyaga oo ka hortagaya gaabis ku yimaadda dhaqdhaqaaqooda, hawlagalladooda, ciidankooda, qorshayaashooda, iwm. 

3. Madax-furashooyinka (Ransoms)

Dadyowga ajnebiga ah ama shisheeyaha ah oo laga qabsado gudaha Soomaaliya, gaar ahaan gobollada Koonfurta iyo Badhtamaha ee fadqalalooyinku aadka u badanyihiin, dalalka jaarka siiba Kiiniya, ayaa ah xeeladaha ay ururka Al-Shabaab ku helaan dhaqaale badan. Waa jaad afduubasho ah, ka dibna la dalbanayo si ay u sii daayaan lacag madax-furasho ah. Habkani waa mid aad u fudud oo ay ururkuna ku helaan hal mar oo keliya, iyaga oo aan hawlo badan gelin dhaqaale aad u weyn, oo meel ballaadhan u buuxin kara in muddo ah. Badiba ururrada argagixisadu, sida Al-Qaacida, Daalibaan, ISIS iyo Boko Xaaraan, waa xeeladaha ugu badan ee ay adeegsadaan, si ay dhaqaale uga helaan waddamada Galbeedka, iqk. Dhacdooyinka jaadkan ah waxa ka mid ah: 

Ogos 23, 2008: Waxa meel u dhow magaalada Muqdisho laga afduubtay weriyad Kanadiyaan ah oo lagu magacaabo Amanda Lindhout, sawirqaade Ustareeliyaan ah oo lagu magacaabo Nigel Brennan, sawirqaade kale oo Soomaali ah oo lagu magacaabo Cabdifataax Maxamed Cilmi iyo laba darawal oo iyaguna Soomaali ah. Jeenaweri 15, 2009 ayaa la soo daayay Cabdifataax iyo labadii darawal. Halka Amanda iyo Nigel la soo daayay muddo 15 bilood ah ka dib (May 2010), kolkii ay madaxfurasho ahaan u bixiyeen $600,000 oo doollar. Afduubkaas waxa fuliyay dhallinyar ka tirsanaa kooxda Xisbu Islaam, oo hadda qeyb ka ururka Al-Shabaab.

1. Julaay 14, 2009: Ragg hubaysan ayaa huteel Saxafi ee magaalada Muqdisho ka afduubtay laba la-taliye oo Faransiis ah oo dhanka amniga u qaabilsanaa dawladda ku-meelgaadhka ah ee Soomaaliya. Afduubkaas oo ay ka dambeeyeen ururrada Xisbu Islaam iyo Al-Shabaab si wadajir ah. Mid ka mid ah labadii la afduubay oo lagu magacaabo Marc Aubriere ayaa baxsaday Ogos 26, 2009. Halka kii soo hadhay oo lagu magacaabo Denis Allex lagu diley isku day baxsi Jeenaweri 11 2013.
2. Sebtembar 11, 2011: Ragg hubaysan ayaa guri ku yaal buuraha Kiwayu ee dalka Kiiniya waxa ay dileen agaasimaha madbacadda Ingiriiska oo lagu magacaabo David Tebbutt, waxaana ay kaxeysteen xaaskiisii oo lagu magacaabo Jidith Tebbutt. Waxaana ay ula tallaabeen Soomaaliya. Booliska Kiiniya waxa ay uga shakiyeen afduubayaashu in ay yihiin Al-Shabaab, ama xidhiidh ka dhexeeyo. Bishii Maarij 21, sannadkii 2012 ayaa la soo daayay Judith Tebbutt, ka dib kolkii ay qoyskeeda ay ka dhalatay ay soo wariyeen in lacag madaxfurasho ah laga bixiyay.
3. Abril 12, 2019: Laba dhakhtar oo Kuubaan oo lagu kala magacaabo Dr Assel Herera iyo Dr Landy Rodriguez ayaa lagu weeraray degmada Mandheera ee gobolka Waqooyi-Bari ee dalka Kiiniya. Askarigii la socday ee ilaalada u ahaa waa la diley. Iyagiina waa la afduubtay. Meey 2019, ayaa ururka Al-Shabaab dalbaday si uu u sii daayo labada dhakhtar lacag madaxfurasho ah oo dhan $1.5 milyan oo doollar. 

Lama tirin karo afduubyada ay fuliyaan ururka Al-Shabaab si ay dhaqaale madaxfurasho ah ugu raadsadaan, siiba dadka u dhashay waddamada Galbeedka. Maaddaama oo muwaadiniinta waddamadaas muhiimad gaar ah la siiyo, naftoodana aad loo ilaaliyo. Halka dadka kale aan la afduuban, iyaga oo Al-Shabaab si buuxda uga warqaba in aanay waxba ku helayn. Had iyo jeeraale Afrikaanka ay la afduubtaan reer Yurubka, oo ay Soomaalidu ugu horreyso waa la iska soo daayaa markiiba. Balse, ilaa dhaqaale lagu siiyo ma soo daayaan dadka reer Yuruubka ah, ama u dhashay waddamada barwaaqo sooranka ah. Dhinaca kale, badiba dadka ay afduubtaan waa dad diintoodu aanay Islaam ahayn, sida: Masiixi, iwm. Sidaa darteed, dad aan Muslimiin ahayn oo la qafaasho oo dhaqaale isfurasho ah laga bixiyo (i.e: Jisyo), waa mid ka mid ah waxyaabaha ay ku dhaqmaan ururka Al-Shabaab, diin ahaan iyo manhaj fikir ahaanna u aaminsanyihiin. 

Dhinaca kale, afduubyadii u dambeeyay ee ururka Al-Shabaab waxa ka mid ahaa gabadhii kaaliyaha aadantinimo ka shaqeynaysay ee Talyaaniga ahayd, Silvia Romana (i.e: oo hadda la baxday Caaisha Romana). Noofembar 2018, ayaa gabadhan dabley hubaysan oo ka tirsan ururka Al-Shabaab ka afduubatay gobolka Waqooyi-Bari ee dalka Kiiniya. Halkaas oo ay si mutadawacnimo ah uga shaqeynaysay urur agoomaha u adeega oo qeyb ka ah kaalmada Talyaaniga, ee deegaanka Chakama. Muddo siddeed iyo toban bilood ah ka dib, ayaa bishii Meey 2020 uu raiisal wasaaraha Talyaanigu soo dhigay boggiisa tuwitarka in Silvia Romana la soo daayay. Ka dib soo deynteedii, mucaaradka midig ee Talyaanigu waxa ay xukuumadda ku eedeeyeen in lacag madaxfurasho ah ay bixiyeen, si loo soo furto Silvia. In kasta oo xukuumaddu ay ka gaabsatay, dhegahana ka fureystay ka jawaabidda eedahaas. 

Sida oo kale, warbaahinta caalamiga ah qaarkood ayaa sheegay in sirdoonka Turkiga iyo Talyaanigu, oo ay wehelinayaan sirdoonka Soomaaliya ay iska kaashadeen soo deynta gabadhaas. Warbixinaha qaarkood waxa ay sheegayaan in lacagta madaxfurashada ah ay gaadhayso inta u dhexeyso 2,3 ilaa 4 milyan oo doollar. Afhayeenka ururka Al-Shabaab, Cali Maxamed Raage “Cali-Dheere” in kasta oo uusan sheegin xaddiga dhaqaalaha lagu furtay gabadha, haddana waxa uu tilmaamay in la siiyay madaxfurasho, si ay u soo daayaan Silvia Romana. Sida oo kale, ayna dhaqaalahan u adeegsan doonaan sii socodka hawlgalladooda ka dhanka ah cadowga. Sida laga dheehan karayay hadalkiisana, lacagaha qeybo ayuu u qorsheeyay, taas oo muujinaysa in xaddi badan lagu furtay Silvia Romana.  

Si kasta oo ay ahaataba, lacagaha madaxfurashooyinku kaalin ballaadhan baa ay ugu jiraan ururrada xagjirka iyo maafiyada kale ee dunida oo dhan. In la kordhiyo dedaallada lagu afduubanayo dadka ka shaqeeya kaalmaha aadantinimada ee jooga Soomaaliya iyo jaarkeeda, dadka suxufiyiiinta ah iyo dadka kaleba, waa mid ka mid ah ajendayaasha dhaqaale abuurka ah ee ururka Al-Shabaab. Habkan waxa kale oo aad u adeegsada budhcad-badeedda Soomaalida, oo inta ay dad shisheeye ah afduubta, ka dibna ku dalbada lacag madaxfurasho ah. Al-Shabaab iyo budhcad-badeedda Soomaalidana xidhiidh qotodheer baa ka dhexeeya, iyaga oo u ah marin iyo taageere dhanka hubka, qalalaasaha, sharci-darrada iyo ajendayaal kaleba. In kasta oo uu daciifay muddooyinkii dambe xidhiidhka labadoodu, kolkii ay daciiftay budhcad-badeeddu, haddana ugu yaraan waa maangal in xidhiidh jiri karo. Taasna waxa sababaya baylahda badda iyo dawlad la’aanta ka jirta Soomaaliya. 

4. Kaalmada Aadantinimada ee Dibadda (Foreign Aid Money)

Dhaqaalaha deeqda ama kaalmada aadantinimo ee ay bixiyaan dawladaha shisheeye iyo ururrada caalamiga ahi, gaar ahaan Qaramada Midoobay, ayaa ay ururka Al-Shabaab ku leeyihiin saameyn iyo dhaqdhaqaaq aad u xooggan. Iyada oo lagu tilmaamo in badiba deeqdaasi, teeda lacagta ah ay toos ugu dhacdo gamcaha Al-Shabaab, taas oo loo marayo siyaabo kala geddisan. Ururka Qaramada Midoobay, waxa uu dadka Soomaalida ah ee barakacay ee ku nool bartamaha iyo koonfurta Soomaaliya u dhisay kaamam waaweyn oo hoy u noqda. Waxa kale oo uu u oggolaaday in ganacsato yaryari ay dhexdooda ka shaqeyso. Iyada oo ay u raacdo in uu qof walba siiyay oo qoxoonti ah kaadh ka diiwaangashan hay’adda gacanta ku haysa ee hoostagta ururka Qaramada Midoobay. Kaadhkaas oo bil walba dadku ku qaataan lacag u dhexaysa $80 – 90 doollar, oo loogu talagley in ay waxa ay doonayaan kaga iibsadaan ganacsatada gudahooda ka shaqeysata. 

Kaamamkaas waxa ka mid ah kuwo ku yaalla magaala-madaxda gobolka Baay ee Baydhabo. Ururka Al-Shabaab ayaa waxa ay maamushaa kantaroolka laga galo, lagana baxo ee degmada Baydhabo. Sidaa darteed, waxa uu ururku cashuuraa baabuur kasta oo soo gelaya, kana baxaya deegaanka. Isaga oo ka qaada cashuurta badeecadda iyo cashuurta jidmarka ah. Sida ay hore u sheegeen ururka Qaramada Midoobay, hal bar-kantarool baa laga yaabaa in ay soo saarto dakhli dhan $5,000 oo doollar maalintii oo keliya. Waxyaabaha la cashuurayo waxa ugu badan, uguna weyn alaabaha iyo badeecadaha ku socda kaamamka dhexdooda. Dhinaca kale, shirkadaha caalamiga ah iyo ururrada kaalmada aadantinimo ayaa waxa ay ururka Al-Shabaab si toos ah u siiyaan lacag gaadhaysa $25,000 ilaa 70,000 oo doollar, bil kasta, si ay ugaga beddeshaan nabadgelyada shaqaalahooda iyo hawlaha ay ka wadaan koonfurta iyo badhtamaha Soomaaliya. 

Habka jaadkan ah ayaa lagu tiriyaa in uu yahay midka ugu dhaqaalaha badan ee ay ku dheefeen ururka Al-Shabaab. Hore 1990, ayaa kooxihii dagaallamayay (i.e: Qabqablayaashii) ay u jareen kaalmadii aadantinimo ee dibadda ka imaneysay. Halkaas oo ay macluul ugu dhinteen kumanaan Soomaali ahi. Taas oo ay ka dhalatay 1992, in Maraykanku isku dayo in uu hawlgal iyo faragelin millateri oo uu ku soo qaado Soomaaliya. Xilliyadaas intii aan Maraykanku soo gelin Soomaaliya, ayaa ururrada kaalmada dibaddu bilaabeen in ay laaluush bixiiyaan, si aysan dagaal-oogayaashu u carqaladeyn kaalmada oo nabad lagu gaadhsiiyo dadka. Tusaale ahaan, Guddiga Caalamiga ee Laanqeyrta Cas (International Committee on Red Cross) waxa ay waayadaas toddobaad gudihii ku bixiyeen lacag dhan $100,000 oo doollar, taas oo ay siiyeen dagaallamyaashii magaalada Muqdisho. 

In kasta oo dagaal-oogayaashu ka dhowyihiin Al-Shabaab, oo ay lacagaha qaarkood iska dhaafi jireen, sugi jireen haddii la waayo ama lagala raago/daaho, iwm. Balse, ururka Al-Shabaab haddii aad bixin waydo lacagahan xukunkaagu waa dil. Laba dooraba waa aad ku qasbantahay bixinta dhaqaalahan, xataa haddii aanad haynin. Habkan iyo habab kale ayaa dhaqaalaha aadantinimo ee dibaddu u galaa khasnadaha ururka Al-Shabaab, iyada oo la ogyahay, lagana dhoohanyahay mararka qaar. Horraantii 2019, dawladda Kiiniya ayaa ururrada caalamiga ah iyo Qaramada Midoobayba ugu eedaysay in ay dhaqaale siiyaan ururka Al-Shabaab, oo ay naaxinayaan. Balse, xaqiiqo ahaan cidna kama hoos-qaadin. 

 

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Tixraac/Reference

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